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Self-sacrifice in Jewish law
Although rare, there are instances within Jewish law that mandate a Jew to sacrifice his or her own life rather than violate a religious prohibition. One of these prohibitions is that no life should be taken, including one's own. Many more ritual prohibitions exist as well, which means that under limited circumstances a Jew has to self-sacrifice when the greater good calls for breaking a more minor dictate. This practice reflects the practical and perhaps malleable nature of Judaic law.
==Overview==
In general, a Jew must violate biblically mandated, and certainly rabbinically mandated, religious laws of Judaism in order to preserve human life. This principle is known as ''ya'avor v'al ye'hareg'' (יעבור ואל יהרג, "transgress and do not be killed") and it applies to virtually all of Jewish ritual law, including the best known laws of ''Shabbat'' and ''kashrut'', and even to the severest prohibitions, such as those relating to circumcision, ''chametz'' on Passover, and fasting on ''Yom Kippur''. Thus, the Torah generally asserts that ''pikuach nefesh'' (פיקוח נפש, "the preservation of human life") is paramount, and in most situations even the preservation of a limb is equated with the basic principle.
However, there are three areas of prohibition that may not be trespassed under any circumstances, even to save a human life. While these three areas of Jewish law are often informally referred to as the "three cardinal sins," they actually encompass many more than a mere three prohibitions. They all involve murder, sexual misconduct and foreign worship. The governing principle here is called ''ye'hareg v'al ya'avor'' (יהרג ואל יעבור, or "be killed but do not transgress").
Someone who then runs great risks or accepts great hardship for the sake of observing the religious laws of Judaism without actually sacrificing his or her life is considered especially righteous. Such an act of figurative self-sacrifice is called ''mesirat nefesh'' (מסירת נפש, "giving over the soul"). For the obvious reason this status should be compared more with heroism than with martyrdom in the Christian sense.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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